Unpublished comparative dataset used in:
Nunn, C.L. (1999). Collective action, free-riders, and male extragroup conflict. In: Primate Males, P.M. Kappeler, ed., pp. 192-204. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
| Species | Social System 1 |
Number of Males 2 |
Testes Residual 2 |
Male Loud Calls |
Reference for Loud Calls |
| Lemur catta | MM |
5.8 |
0.367 |
Y |
Macedonia 1993; pers. obs. |
| Eulemur fulvus | MM |
3.2 |
0.247 |
Y |
Sussman and Richard 1974; M. Rasmussen, pers. comm. |
| Varecia variegata | SM/MO |
Y |
Macedonia and Taylor 1985; pers. obs. |
||
| Lepilemur mustelinus | SM/MO |
Y |
Charles-Dominique 1974; Warren and Crompton 1997 |
||
| Microcebus murinus | SM/MO |
Y |
Charles-Dominique 1974 |
||
| Phaner furcifer | SM/MO |
Y |
Charles-Dominique 1978 |
||
| Avahi laniger | SM/MO |
Y |
Harcourt 1991 |
||
| Propithecus verreauxi | MM |
N |
Sussman and Richard 1974; D. Brockman pers. comm. |
||
| Indri indri | SM/MO |
Y |
Pollack 1986 |
||
| Loris tardigradus | SM/MO |
Y |
Charles-Dominique 1978 |
||
| Perodicticus potto | SM/MO |
N |
Charles-Dominique 1974 |
||
| Galago alleni | SM/MO |
Y |
Charles-Dominique 1974 |
||
| Galagoides demidoff | SM/MO |
Y |
Charles-Dominique 1974 |
||
| Galagoides zanzibaricus | SM/MO |
Y |
Harcourt and Nash, 1986 |
||
| Otolemur crassicaudatus | SM/MO |
Y |
Charles-Dominique 1974 |
||
| Euoticus elegantulus | SM/MO |
Y |
Charles-Dominique 1974 |
||
| Galago senegalensis | SM/MO |
Y |
Charles-Dominique 1974 |
||
| Tarsius bancanus | SM/MO |
Y |
Crompton and Andau 1987 |
||
| Callithrix argentata | SM/MO |
Y |
Snowdon 1993 |
||
| Callithrix jacchus | SM/MO |
Y |
Epple 1968 |
||
| Cebuella pygmaea | SM/MO |
Y |
Soini 1987; Snowdon 1993 |
||
| Saguinus bicolor | SM/MO |
Y |
Snowdon 1993 |
||
| Saguinus fuscicollis | SM/MO |
Y |
Soini 1987, T. Windfelder, pers. comm. |
||
| Saguinus imperator | SM/MO |
Y |
T. Windfelder, pers. comm. |
||
| Saguinus labiatus | SM/MO |
Y |
Snowdon 1993 |
||
| Saguinus midas | SM/MO |
Y |
Thorington, 1968 |
||
| Saguinus mystax | SM/MO |
Y |
Snowdon 1993 |
||
| Saguinus oedipus | SM/MO |
Y |
Epple 1968 |
||
| Leontopithecus chrysomelas | SM/MO |
Y |
Snowdon 1993 |
||
| Leontopithecus chrysopygus | SM/MO |
Y |
Snowdon 1993 |
||
| Leontopithecus rosalia | SM/MO |
Y |
Epple 1968; Snowdon 1993 |
||
| Callimico goeldii | SM/MO |
Y |
Snowdon 1993 |
||
| Cebus albifrons | MM |
3.8 |
N |
Freese and Oppenheimer 1981 |
|
| Cebus apella | MM |
3.4 |
-0.256 |
N |
Freese and Oppenheimer 1981 |
| Cebus capucinus | MM |
2.1 |
N |
Freese and Oppenheimer 1981 |
|
| Cebus olivaceous | MM |
1.2 |
N |
Freese and Oppenheimer 1981 |
|
| Aotus trivirgatus | SM/MO |
N |
Robinson et al. 1987 |
||
| Callicebus moloch | SM/MO |
Y |
Robinson 1979 |
||
| Callicebus torquatus | SM/MO |
Y |
Kinzey and Robinson 1983 |
||
| Saimiri sciureus | MM |
2.7 |
-0.153 |
N |
Cheney 1987 |
| Pithecia monachus | SM/MO |
Y |
Robinson et al. 1987 |
||
| Pithecia pithecia | SM/MO |
Y |
Robinson et al. 1987 |
||
| Alouatta fusca | SM/MO |
Y |
Chiarello 1995 |
||
| Alouatta palliata | MM |
2.9 |
0.284 |
Y |
Southwick 1962; Chivers 1969 |
| Alouatta seniculus | SM/MO |
Y |
Sekulic 1982 |
||
| Ateles geoffroyi | MM |
4 |
-0.016 |
Y |
Fedigan and Baxter 1984 |
| Brachyteles arachnoides | MM |
7 |
Y |
Nishimura et al. 1988 |
|
| Macaca fascicularis | MM |
4.7 |
0.551 |
N |
van Schaik and van Noordwijk 1985; van Schaik pers. comm. |
| Macaca fuscata | MM |
7.4 |
N |
Kawanaka 1973; Green 1981; Takahata et al. 1994 |
|
| Macaca maurus | MM |
4 |
Y |
N. Bynum, pers. comm. |
|
| Macaca mulatta | MM |
4.3 |
0.53 |
N |
Southwick 1962; Vessey 1968 |
| Macaca nemestrina | MM |
2.4 |
0.732 |
N |
Whitten and Whitten 1982; Caldecott 1986 |
| Macaca nigra | MM |
Y |
N. Bynum, pers. comm. |
||
| Macaca radiata | MM |
7.3 |
0.673 |
N |
Hohmann 1989 |
| Macaca silenus | SM/MO |
Y |
Sugiyama 1968; Hohman and Herzog 1985; Green 1981 |
||
| Macaca sylvanus | MM |
4.3 |
N |
Deag 1973 |
|
| Macaca tonkeanna | MM |
Y |
Masataka and Thierry 1993; N. Bynum, pers. comm. |
||
| Cercocebus albigena | MM |
4.4 |
Y |
Chalmers 1968; Struhsaker and Leland 1979 |
|
| Cercocebus aterrimus | MM |
3 |
0.045 |
Y |
Horn 1987 |
| Cercocebus galeritus | MM |
2.5 |
Y |
Quris 1980 |
|
| Papio anubis | MM |
7.2 |
0.716 |
N |
Hall and DeVore 1965; Ransom 1981 |
| Papio hamadryas | SM/MO |
N |
Kummer 1968 |
||
| Papio ursinus | MM |
8.5 |
0.568 |
N |
Hall and DeVore 1965; Hamilton et al. 1975 |
| Mandrillus leucophaeus | SM/MO |
N |
Gartlan 1970 |
||
| Theropithecus gelada | SM/MO |
N |
Aich et al. 1990 |
||
| Cercopithecus aethiops | MM |
4.9 |
0.126 |
N |
Cheney 1981 |
| Cercopithecus ascanius | SM/MO |
Y |
Marler 1973; Struhsaker and Leland 1979; Struhsaker 1980 |
||
| Cercopithecus campbelli | SM/MO |
Y |
Bourliere et al., 1970; Hunkeler et al. 1972 |
||
| Cercopithecus cephus | SM/MO |
Y |
Gautier and Gautier 1977; Gautier 1988 |
||
| Cercopithecus diana | SM/MO |
Y |
Zuberbühler et al. 1997 |
||
| Cercopithecus erythrogaster | SM/MO |
Y |
Oates 1985 |
||
| Cercopithecus hamlyni | SM/MO |
Y |
Gautier 1988 |
||
| Cercopithecus lhoesti | SM/MO |
N |
Gautier 1988 |
||
| Cercopithecus mitis | SM/MO |
Y |
Marler 1973 |
||
| Cercopithecus mona | SM/MO |
Y |
Gautier 1988 |
||
| Cercopithecus neglectus | SM/MO |
Y |
Gautier 1988 |
||
| Cercopithecus nictitans | SM/MO |
Y |
Gautier 1988 |
||
| Cercopithecus petaurista | SM/MO |
Y |
Gautier 1988 |
||
| Cercopithecus preussi | SM/MO |
Y |
Gautier 1988 |
||
| Cercopithecus solatus | SM/MO |
N |
Gautier 1988 |
||
| Miopithecus talapoin | MM |
13 |
-0.107 |
N |
Gautier 1988 |
| Erythrocebus patas | SM/MO |
N |
Gautier 1988 |
||
| Presbytis comata | SM/MO |
Y |
Ruhiyat 1983 |
||
| Presbytis entellus | MM |
2.5 |
-0.174 |
Y |
Ripley 1967 |
| Presbytis geei | SM/MO |
N |
Mukhergee 1978 |
||
| Presbytis johnii | SM/MO |
Y |
Poirier, 1969 |
||
| Presbytis melalophos | SM/MO |
Y |
Gurmaya, 1986 |
||
| Presbytis pileatus | SM/MO |
N |
Mukhergee 1978; Stanford 1991 |
||
| Presbytis potenziani | SM/MO |
Y |
Tilson and Tenaza, 1976 |
||
| Presbytis senex | SM/MO |
Y |
Rudran, 1973; Hohmann, 1990 |
||
| Nasalis larvatus | SM/MO |
Y |
Yeager 1991, 1992 |
||
| Simias concolor | SM/MO |
Y |
Tenaza 1989 |
||
| Colobus badius | MM |
4.4 |
Y |
Struhsaker 1975; Struhsaker and Leland 1979 |
|
| Colobus guereza | SM/MO |
Y |
Marler 1969; Struhsaker and Leland 1979 |
||
| Colobus polykomos | SM/MO |
Y |
Hill and Booth 1957; Marler 1970 |
||
| Procolobus verus | SM/MO |
Y |
Oates and Whitesides 1990 |
||
| Hylobates agilis | SM/MO |
Y |
Gittens 1980; Mitani 1988 |
||
| Hylobates concolor | SM/MO |
Y |
Haimoff et al. 1987 |
||
| Hylobates klossi | SM/MO |
Y |
Tenaza 1975 |
||
| Hylobates lar | SM/MO |
Y |
Raemaekers and Raemaekers 1984 |
||
| Hylobates moloch | SM/MO |
Y |
Kappeler 1984 |
||
| Hylobates muelleri | SM/MO |
Y |
Mitani 1985 |
||
| Hylobates syndactylus | SM/MO |
Y |
Chivers 1976 |
||
| Pongo pygmaeus | SM/MO |
Y |
MacKinnon 1974 |
||
| Pan troglodytes | MM |
6.7 |
0.645 |
Y |
Marler and Hobbett 1975; Marler and Tenaza 1977; Goodall 1986 |
| Gorilla gorilla | SM/MO |
Y |
Schaller 1963 |
1 MM: multimale social system; SM/MO: single-male social system (polygynous and monogamous categories of single-male species combined for the present analyses).
2 Values given only for species with a multimale social system, as these are the only species used in the analyses.
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